Clayoquot Green Economic Opportunities Project

There is already a significant and apparently growing arts and culture sector in the region, with many more gaps and opportunities identified. Challenges inhibiting further development of the sector include: volunteer burn out, low profile, lack of cooperation/unity and individual artist motivation:

• "It takes a lot of energy. People do get burnt out."
• "There have been lots of ideas. People say we should ... But who is the we?"
• "There isn't a lot of profile".
• "Our membership is scattered. The communities don't always check with each other when they are planning an event, which causes issues. The Park is a very effective barrier between our communities".

A strategy of cultural community development is needed to emphasize and celebrate the amazing talent of the region and the important role arts and culture play in the Clayoquot communities. Suggestions include:

• identify, appropriately develop and promote art districts in settlements and the Sound (through collaboration of the art community and local governments)
• provide artist live-work space for affordable housing (e.g. in light industrial zones)
• pursue an art school and/or expanded art education programs
• provide artists-in-residence at tourism locations in the Sound (e.g. canoe carving at TinWis)
• increase promotion of the arts in tourism literature and in the community more generally
• pursue a public art program with works of art at the gateways to the communities, within cultural areas and downtown cores
• integrate art into the community market concept
• create cultural and shared cultural/non-cultural tourism product packages (e.g. art walks and tours, nature/art combinations etc.)
• support the development of and promote Nuu-chah-nulth arts and culture facilities (e.g. proposed Ahousaht cultural centre)
• investigate feasibility of Nuu-chah-nulth artists' certification process
• support arts festival and other activities by individuals and organizations such as Pacific Rim Arts Society
• increase web coverage for artist's in the region (e.g. through NTC and Chambers/ tourism associations)
• increase effort to promote film production activity in agreed upon areas of the region
• investigate interest among youth in new media applications (may be opportunities for training and support)

Overview: Current status and trends in the industry

Whether or not those who participate in artistic and cultural endeavors see their activities as community economic development (CED) the work of individual artists, art-related companies and non-profit arts and culture groups in a community can have significant economic impact. Perhaps more importantly, arts and culture activities help build community identity and pride, meet a human need for creativity, improve education and in general make communities better places to live. This quality of life in turn attracts visitors and residents and encourages them to stay.

Futurists predict a global renaissance in the arts, literature, and spirituality: "As new technologies continue to unsettle our lives, we will seek to 'regain our balance' by examining our humanity through the arts"[1]. Statistics concur, showing significant growth in BC's publishing, film production, heritage institutions (museums) and performing arts sectors, which employ well over 30,000 people[2]. Employment in the broader category of "arts and culture," including other recreational activities such professional sports and gambling, along with industry estimates are both significantly higher. Within Greater Vancouver an estimated 84% of residents attend arts events (e.g. plays, concerts, opera, or ballet) or visit venues like art galleries or museums, while 51% percent (928,000) are personally involved with the arts in some way (GVRD 1997, 2000).

While similar research has not been conducted in the Clayoquot region the long-standing presence of the Pacific Rim Arts Society (at 27 years the region's oldest operating non-profit organization) demonstrates a strong commitment to the arts as an important part of the community. Each year the Society hosts a music festival, art show and children's programs. This year two film festivals and a Biosphere Summer Camp focusing on art and nature are being added. A Board of 12 committed volunteers runs the Society, supported by a much larger Society membership.

Like many of the sectors examined in this report "arts and culture" or "the creative economy" is in fact a diverse set of activities, including dance, music, theatre, writing and the visual arts (e.g. painting, photography, carving, and sculpture). Each of these individual areas encompasses a wide variety of forms and sub-disciplines. Pottery, weaving, textiles, costumes and jewelry may also be included and tend to be grouped with other visual arts. The definition of art and distinction between art and craft are much-debated subjects beyond the scope of this overview opportunity analysis. Yet another distinction is commercial or applied art such as graphic, industrial, architectural or interior design (photography may also be included) vs. fine art. Finally new media, computer-based applications such as e-learning "infotainment", animation, video games and software are now being considered part of the industry.

Visual and Performing Arts: Unfortunately it appears that relatively little is known about the visual and performing arts sectors in BC, particularly relating to their economic impact[3]. One exception is a 1998 study by the City of Kelowna's Arts Development Office entitled The Economic Impact of Arts & Culture in the Central Okanagan. The study "brought about a sea change in the understanding of culture's role in the regional economy" and demonstrated how local government investment in the arts stimulates important economic activity. It was determined that arts and culture accounts for a total of 1,592 direct jobs in the Central Okanagan (2,368 total full and part-time) and contributes $37.3 million in direct GDP, $67.1 million including induced impacts on other sectors. The study also confirmed the important role of volunteers and community organizations. Between 1,300 and 1,700 volunteers contribute to the region's cultural organizations.

The largest component of this sector in the Okanagan (42% of industry employment) is service and material providers, including picture framers, retailers of craft and art supplies, musical instruments and audio/video service and equipment, ticket sellers and arts consultants. Following this retail/commercial segment the industry is comprised of:

Activity	Direct Employment
Art galleries, dealers and distributors (23)	64
Arts instruction and education	255
Commercial arts	147
Performing arts	77
Visual arts	114
Events and festivals	88
Cultural facilities	10
Literary arts	No information available

A review of the arts and culture sector in Clayoquot Sound demonstrates a majority of activity in visual arts and crafts. In total 17 galleries displaying local works were identified.

Cal Kalkan Sculpture Photo: K. Vodden

Two galleries interviewed employ 4-5 people each. A third employs one full-time, and other occasional staff. Based on these interviews regional employment in galleries is estimated to be between 35 and 50 people. In addition, more than 80 artists were identified who sell their works. Research suggests that "only a handful" of these, however, make a full-time livelihood as artists. For most it represents a passion and a second income.

Galleries are the primary marketing venue. Local art is also displayed at hotels and restaurants such as Long Beach Lodge, Wickaninnish Inn, the Coffee Pod, and Schooner restaurant. The large lodges have not only been supportive in displaying local art, but also in bringing clientele to the area. One gallery owner suggests that business has noticeably increased since the opening of Wickaninnish Inn in 1996. Other venues include craft fairs and an annual summer art show organized by the Pacific Rim Arts Society. An art festival is being arranged for 2003. Word-of-mouth and reputation are also critical, generally built up over years of effort. Finally, increasingly the Internet is being used as a marketing tool. A proliferation of on-line galleries has developed in recent years. Nuu-chah-nulth artists in particular are found on many different sites. Other local artists who do have a web presence tend to have their own sites.

Interviews suggest that those artists who are serious about their profession, gain a reputation over time and treat their art like a business are able to make a living at it. That means hard work at production/supply and marketing suggests one industry expert. "You only get a short window to create your art, mostly it's a lot of PR work. You have to put yourself out there." Be aware of market fluctuations adds an art retailer, 'It's hot and cold. It's unnecessary retail, and it's seasonal. You have to be willing to sell outside of Tofino." For most it takes many years of building a clientele unless you get lucky and become hot or trendy, but even this takes marketing. "The days when you can sit back and just wait to be discovered are over."

Previous attempts to increasing art marketing efforts in the Sound suggest some artists are not willing or do not desire to put out increased marketing effort. Others are starting to become known and looking at the web as a marketing option. "If people show up the studios have to be presentable, the artists have to be there. There are many things to consider. You need the commitment of the artistic community".

The performing arts also play an important role in the community, although less significant from an employment perspective. Theatre and film are provided periodically throughout the year at the Clayoquot Sound Community Theatre. Shenanigians Comedy Review advertises shows five evenings per week in the summer season.

The annual Pacific Rim Summer Festival, heading into its 18th year, is described as, "one of Canada's most distinguished showcases of chamber music[4] ". The two week long event features national and international performers with concerts held in venues throughout Ucluelet, Tofino and the Pacific Rim National Park. The local music industry has recently also become known through the success of the Bottomfeeders. Recorded in 2001 at Ucluelet at Sundog Studios, their album Waterview has received excellent reviews.

In Canso, Nova Scotia the Stan Rogers Festival brings thousands of visitors into the community each July. They're welcomed by more than 400 volunteers, a remarkable feat considering Canso has a population of only 1,200 people. This community-run festival builds on the legacy of Stan Rogers and Nova Scotia's musical tradition, and is estimated to bring about $1.5 million to the local economy each year. Combining arts and culture with an entrepreneurial spirit works in Bear River too. A group of dedicated volunteers turned their abandoned community school into a vital new centre of economic and community activity. The Bear River Community School is now the Oakdene Centre, a complex that houses craft studios, a community access computer site, and space for events like music festivals and community meetings.

"The Bottomfeeders are a motley crew of Tofino boys and girls singing tunes that reflect fishing, f...ing and fighting for the environment. Their sound is West Coast Pogues and a mighty fine sound it is." - Grant Shilling - The Gig - Feb./Mar. 2002

An annual West Coast Music Festival was launched in 2001. Literary artists (writers) also live in the community.

Clearly the visual and performing arts in Clayoquot Sound are significant, inspired by its stunning natural environment and talented, creative population. Given that the profile of this rich cultural resource is not as high as it could be there appears to be opportunity for expansion in these segments of the arts and culture sector, both in attracting new artists and, perhaps most importantly, supporting existing ones.

Research in the northeastern US suggests that a supportive, "artist-friendly" local government can go far in attracting artists and artist groups. Supportive measures include access to public facilities for events, tax incentives, provision of low cost live/work space, promotion through community art projects, festivals, community markets and other venues, or simply an "open door policy". The potential impact of community art projects is now well-known through the story of Chemainus, which has drawn 400,000 tourists annually and seen 100 new businesses grow through the creation of 33 murals in a downtown revitalization program.

First Nations Arts and Culture:

"Artistic expression runs strong within the people of Tofino and Clayoquot Sound. The Nuu-chah-nulth people, the First Nation of this area, are very active as artists. Carving and weaving has always been a part of their lives. Art was integral to ceremonial displays, whaling canoes, clothing and nearly every aspect of their days". Tofino Times

Many Nuu-chah-nulth today, including each of the Nations of Clayoquot Sound, are continuing their artistic traditions. Carving, weaving, painting, song and dance are among the aspects of arts and culture being practiced for both cultural and economic purposes. Nearly 20 local Nuu-chah-nulth artists were revealed by a web search, most with items available for sale over the Internet (primarily through galleries). Local information suggests that more than 35 Nuu-chah-nulth artists are active in the region, many from Ahousaht.

Again, only some of these individuals make their full-time livelihoods from their art. There are no cooperative marketing efforts for Nuu-chah-nulth artists, although First Nations galleries such as House of Himwitsa (Tofino) and Du Quah Gallery (Ucluelet) provide important marketing avenues. Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council has an artist's page on its website. However, only two artists are listed. The new Tla-o-qui-aht booking centre and a proposed new Ahousaht Cultural Centre will provide additional venues. With further development the NTC web page could, however, become a one-stop access location for information on Nuu-chah-nulth art. Finally, the issue of art quality was raised. A certification for Nuu-chah-nulth art that would require artists to be trained (e.g. through mentorship) and provide a guarantee of quality and authenticity was suggested.

Artist James Swan, Ahousaht Photo: from website of artist

Cultural Tourism: Tourism BC estimates that 51 percent of visitors to BC have an interest in culture. Cultural tourism can be defined as tourism centered around arts events, cultural festivals, museums, art and craft galleries, and heritage attractions and sites. Representing a rapidly growing sector of the world tourism industry, The World Tourism Organization estimates that cultural tourism is growing by 15 percent annually, while the Canadian Tourism Commission has identified cultural tourism as a "critical area of development" in Canada.

Opportunities for cultural tourism, including Aboriginal tourism, are discussed further in the Ecotourism sector analysis. Specific ideas raised include artists walks (e.g. to local studios) and longer artist tours that could involve visiting artists in residence through various parts of the Sound, either in their home studios or as visiting artists in other tourism locations. Locations such as Strawberry Island, Catface Range and Ahousaht, home to "clusters" of artists could provide logical art destinations. Workshops and educational programs can also bring visitors to the area and provide a greater range of activities for those who come. Tofino's Just Birding (Clayoquot Sound Adventures), for example, offers educational Nature Photography Tours led by renowned Tofino photographer, Adrian Dorst.

Art Education: Art education is being pursued through summer programs for children, theatre programs put on by Pacific Rim Arts Society and occasional seminars on dance and writing at Wickinninish Community School. The Rainforest Interpretive Centre also offers art-related programs, as do some tour operators. It has been a long-standing dream, however, to develop an arts school in the region. The idea has recently been added to the District of Tofino's five-year plan in hopes that it will be advanced in the near future. A focus on nature art has been discussed. A 2003 nature and art Biosphere summer camp program represents a potential starting point.

In tourist-dependent Cape Cod, Provincetown in northeastern US a range of local partners developed Campus Provincetown to diversify their three-month seasonal tourist economy. The concept was to bring adult learners to a cultural campus located within the town of 4,000. Beginning in 1999 course enrollment rose from 575 to 1325 in 2001.

Examples of similar initiatives include Kootenay School of the Arts and Campus Provincetown. Kootenay School of the Arts, Centre of Craft & Design began with the creation of the Nelson School of Fine Arts in 1958. In 1969 the school entered into an agreement with Notre Dame University. Through joint programming students were able to earn a Bachelor of Education or Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. By 1984 the institution closed its doors, but in 1991 as a result of significant community work, a new school was founded. The loss of government funding in 2002 resulted in the elimination of Mixed Media and Creative Writing Studios. New programs focused on craft and design including studios in Clay, Fibre, Jewelry & Small Object Design, Metal, and Wood Products Design were, however, created. The School employs 18 full-time faculty equivalents, 6.5 staff and is operated by a 17 person volunteer board. Their $600,000 annual budget is dependent on tuition, fees, and support gained through fundraising efforts and grants.

Film and Television: Film and television production has experienced tremendous growth in BC in recent years. In 1994 BC film and television production was worth $400 million. By 2000 this had grown by nearly three-fold ($1.2 billion), making BC the third-largest production centre in North America, following New York and Los Angeles (BC Film Commission). Both BC produced and foreign productions have experienced increases.

Vancouver Island communities have been working to capture a greater share of this market. According to the Vancouver Island Film Association, the film and television industry spent $23.5 million on Vancouver Island in 2002, shooting 86 productions.

Source: BC Film Commission

In total this generated $70.6 million in the Island economy. Advantages of the film industry are two-fold: immediate revenue and jobs and longer-term benefits of image/reputation. According to BC Film Commission statistics, 35,000 people in BC are employed in the film industry- with 97% of production crews being made up of local people. A disadvantage is that location decisions are volatile, with periods of expansion and contraction governed by factors such as the world economy, currency fluctuations, labour costs, restrictions on foreign earnings, and available tax shelters. Tax credits and loan guarantees by Canadian governments are a significant factor in attracting production.

While the majority of Vancouver Island filming occurred in the Greater Victoria region in 2002, four productions were filmed in Alberni-Clayoquot with production budgets totaling $2.15 million. With 12 North Island productions in 2002 and 34 in Nanaimo the potential for increasing film production in the Clayoquot region if desired appears high. Despite having less developed support services specific to the industry than larger centres such as Vancouver, Victoria and Nanaimo, spectacular scenery and ample services such as catering, rooms etc. are available. In Tofino advantages of bringing the film industry here, particularly in the summer, are likely be negated by additional traffic and interference with existing tourism activities.

Film production is promoted by non-profit, provincial and federal government-funded film commissions, including the Alberni-Clayoquot Commission in Port Alberni. The Ucluelet Economic Development Commission may want to consider a more aggressive role in promoting production in their sub-region. Productions should maximize local benefits.

Ed Note: Students at schools in Ahousaht and Tofino are learning film and video production as part of their studies.

New Media: The main areas of business in the "new media" arts segment include web design, development and management, interactive games, e-learning products, content development and application software, and multi-media (film, video, broadcast, print) development, production and distribution.

The main cluster of new media companies is animation and special effects for the film, video and interactive games markets. A second cluster involves website design, development and hosting as well as internet outsourcing services. A third is interactive e-learning management tools as well as educational and infotainment software. Contributing and flowing from the development of these interlocking clusters is related education, training, research and development.

Although there is little information on the new media segment in British Columbia or Clayoquot Sound, an estimated 200 BC companies with over 5,000 employees and contractors include artists, software engineers, designers and technical staff. The Clayoquot Sound region lists one graphic designer and 0 firms in web design, software production or animation in the Yellow Pages. Only one web designer is listed under the Ucluelet Chamber of Commerce. See previous section for constraints related to the technology-based economy.

Assessment of the Sector by Sustainability Criteria

Environmental criteria: Arts and culture should have minimal ecological impact. Once again, attention to processes of production and materials used is needed. Activities involving people in nature must also be undertaken in a low-impact manner (no trace camping, hiking etc.). Encouragement of art related to the natural environment can have a positive benefit by raising environmental awareness and appreciation.

Economic criteria: The sector is highly differentiated in its profitability. New media applications have higher profit making potential. For most in the arts and culture sector it is a labour of love, but nonetheless an enjoyable way to make a living or some extra revenue. The sector also relies on volunteer energy and community support. Because of the commitment to artistic endeavors by the community and the expected long-term popularity of the region as a tourism attraction, the sector has long-term economic potential. A number of areas for local employment creation have been identified. Generally investment requirements are low, with the exception of the creation of an arts school which will take significant energy, commitment and resources to translate idea into reality.

Social criteria: The arts and culture sector, with the exception of foreign film production, is locally controlled and provides opportunities for people who chose an alternative lifestyle. It tends to enhance community spirit but does also draw upon stretched volunteer resources.

Opportunity for First Nations: As discussed above, arts and culture are integral to the lives of Nuu-chah-nulth communities. The degree to which these activities are appropriate for business/economic ventures must be decided by these communities. However, the already significant cultural tourism and art sectors indicate high levels of support when appropriately conducted and locally controlled. New regional arts initiatives should ensure First Nations involvement and participation.

_______________________

[1] Naisbett and Aburdene, 1990
[2] BC Stats, 2003
[3] BC Stats figures on employment by industry combine performing arts with spectator sports and related industries, totaling 20,800 employed in 2002 (up from 10,700 in 1990).
[4] Department of Canadian Heritage

• Pacific Rim Arts Society, President Marla Thirsk
• The Assembly of BC Arts Councils
• BC Arts Council, Cultural Services Branch
• Canada Council for the Arts
• Craft Association of BC
• Alliance for Arts and Culture
• Centre for Craft and Design, Kootenay School of the Arts Vancouver Island Film Association
• BC Film, Alberni-Clayoquot Film Commission Gordon Scoffield, Primary Film Contact
• Site-Net BC , On-line filming location library

Clayoquot Biosphere Region Galleries

Ucluelet:

• Aperture Overtures Photography
• Du Quah Gallery
• Image West
• The Lounge Collection

Tofino:

• Barr's Native Jewelry & Arts
• Coastline Art
• Eagle Aerie Gallery
• IslandFolk Art Gallery
• Ocean Outfitters Gallery
• Reflecting Spirit Gallery
• Schooner Gallery
• The Tree House
• Village Gallery
• The Lounge Collection
• The Beadcomber
• House of Himwitsa

Nuu-chah-nulth Artists

• Maureen atleo (art cards, Ahousaht)
• Brenda Campbell (beadwork, rings, looms, knitwear, Ahousaht)
• James Cootes, (Ucluelet)
• Douglas David (carver, Tla-o-qui-aht)
• Joe David (art, carver, singer, Tla-o-qui-aht)
• Annie George (button blankets, screen prints and originals, Ahousaht)
• Clifford George (carver)
• Dorothy Jeffery, (Ucluelet)
• Kirt John (painter, clothing designer, Ahousaht)
• George John (carver, painter, Ahousaht)
• Hilda John (weaver, Ahousaht)
• Lena Jumbo (weaver, Ahousaht)
• Carl Jumbo (carver, Ahousaht)
• Billy George (Keitlah) Sr. (Ahousaht)
• Billy George (Keitlah) Jr. (carver, Ahousaht)
• Marnie George (Ahousaht)
• Brian Lucas, (Hesquiaht)
• Frank Lucas (carver, Hesquiaht)
• Rhoda Mack (weaver, Ahousaht)
• Mary Martin (cedar bark weaving, Tla-o-qui-aht)
• Joe Martin (carver, Tla-o-qui-aht)
• Carl Martin (carver, Tla-o-qui-aht)
• Bill Martin (carver, Tla-o-qui-aht)
• Bruce Martin (carver, Tla-o-qui-aht)
• Eugene Martin, (Tla-o-qui-aht)
• Mark Mickey (carver, Hesquiaht)
• Tim Paul (carver, Hesquiaht)
• Hutch Sam (carver, Ahousaht) email: qwaya@shaw.ca
• Hughie Sam (carver, Ahousaht)
• Stanley Sam (carver, Ahousaht)
• Katie Sam (traditional shawls, beadwork, drum-making, Ahousaht)
• Moy Sutherland (carver, painter, Ahousaht)
• Rosie Swan (knitwear, Ahousaht)
• James Swan - Wiyahaqa,cik (silkscreened prints, originals, carvings and jewelry Manhousaht) email: wihay@alberni.net Web: http://www.ahousahtnativeart.com
• Russell Taylor (carver, painter, Ahousaht)
• Roslie Williams (Thomas) (painter, Ahousaht)

Other Clayoquot Artists and Craftpeople (and their Studios)

• Wayne Adams (carver)
• Jill Allen
• Dianne Arnett
• BCBG Creative Wood (indoor and outdoor furniture), Catface Range
• Keredwyn Bird (painter), Strawberry Island
• Bottomfeeders (music)
• Cal Kalkan (carver) Catface
• Ken Clarke
• Clayoquot Crafts (handcrafted cedar furniture)
• Robinson Cook - Divine Proportions Studio (fine furniture, jewelry etc.) Strawberry Island
• Signy Cohen (painter), Reflecting Spirit Gallery
• Adrian Dorst Photography
• Gail Duchene's Burl Studio (carved bowls and plates)
• Joy-Lynn Efford, (sculpture, painting), Ucluelet
• Christy Fever (glass mosaics)
• Sean Goddard (glass, pottery)
• Nicole Goddard (clothing design)
• Walter Guppy (Grassroots Publication Books)
• Eva Hoenig's Woodworking Studio
• Nikki Hainstock (painting)
• Bill and Tina Holden (jewelry - see Beachcomber in Galleries above)
• Stephanie Hughes
• Island Images Photography services.
• Christine Johnston - Ravensong Fibre Arts (weaver)
• Jan Janson (hand crafted garden furniture)
• Jeremy Koreski (photography)
• Betty Krawczyk (author), Cypress Bay
• Rob Libaron (pen and ink drawing, conk art)
• Aaron Marshall (paintings and prints)
• Terry Mckinnon (chainsaw carved wildlife art)
• Richard Menard (wood, stone carving)
• Kevin Midgley - Tofino Art Glass
• Henry Nolla's Wood Carving Studio, Chesterman's Beach
• Keith and Sam Plumley (specialty wood products), Tofino
• Paul Petrosky (stone sculptor, guitar maker), Strawberry Island
• Stacy Prochnau (crochet clothing), Ucluelet
• Wayne Roberts (drum maker)
• Shenanigians Comedy Review
• Jenny Stevens (jewelry)
• Brian Street (wood products)
• Nancy Street (stone carving)
• Joanna Streetly (author)
• Daisy Tatersall, Tofino
• Marla Thirsk (painter), Ucluelet
• Roy Henry Vickers (serigraphy, painter, carver), Tofino (Eagle Aerie Gallery)
• Arthur Vickers (serigraphy), Tofino (Eagle Aerie Gallery)
• Alan Wagstaff's Fine Art Studio (painter/sculptor), Tofino
• Tim Ward, Ucluelet
• Cathy White - Elements Pottery Studio, Tofino
• Jacqueline Windh Photography, Tofino

Commercial Art and Design

• Long Beach Window & Décor, Ucluelet
• Schramm Design, Ucluelet,
• Laurie Rundle for Diggers Genealogy and Web Design

References

• Tofino Times website (archive of articles on local artists)
• Alberni Valley Times. 2003. ISLAND FILMS GET BOOST. March 18, 2003.
• Art dictionary, http://www.artlex.com/
• Canada Customs and Revenue Agency
• Torres. L. and M. Kamhi. 2000. What Art Is: The Esthetic Theory of Ayn Rand
• Naisbiit, J. and P. Aburdene.1990. Megatrends
• City of Vancouver's Office of Cultural Affairs. 2001. Annual Review
• Okanagan Valley Economic Impact of Arts and Culture Study www.collections.ic.gc.ca/okanaganvalley/project/economic/
• Northeastern Economic Developers Association. 2002. The Arts and Economic Development: Achieving Results and Measuring Impacts. Northeast Journal of Economic Development.
• Survey of Public Attitudes Toward a Regional Cultural Plan for Greater Vancouver - Phase III, Canadian Facts, August 2000

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